Universe

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universe

I looked for many websites, and I just put one of them. The universe is a very abstract theory, and even the scientists know it very few.

The scientists believe our universe begins by a "big bang", and it is 13.73±0.12 billion years old. It is composed by the space and time, and includes all kind of matter and energy. It is the expanding space as we know. Its definition is everything that existed before, exists now and will exist. We are in the galaxy Milky Way, and there are maybe more than 100billion galaxies in the universe. Small galaxy includes 10 million stars, and the giant one includes one trillion stars!

The scientists also discuss that universe has a limit or infinite. However, we can't see the whole universe. It concerns about the general relati, and that is another complicated theory.

At last, I put a picture of galaxy. This is our universe. Isn't it beautiful?

Michaelangelo

http://www.michelangelo.com/buon/bio-index2.html

This website is about Michaelangelo's life. He borned on March 6, 1475 and died in 1564. When he's thirteen years old, he became an apprentice of the painter, Domenico Ghirlandaio. However, he discovered that he love to sculp than painting. He studied sculpture with Bertoldo Di Giovanni in the Medici's school. He finished the "Pieta" in 1498, and then he began to sculp the "David". He made the David as a ideal man. From 1508 to 1512, Michaelangelo worked on Sistine Chapelin for the pope. He did the greatest fresco in the world.

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This is Michaelangelo's "Doni Madonna", painted in about 1507.

It includes some techniques that Michaelangelo often used before. In my opinion, his paintings were more 3D than other ones. He used perspective well, and he didn't copy the traditional style. He more used his heart to feel about what's this painting should be. Therefore, the figures have soul in it and the stories does this art's inclusion. The emotion, you can clearly feel it.

Duerer's paintings

This painting is "Adoration of the Trinity", it was painted in 1511.

The Jesus is the center of this piece, and it shows more balance. The colors are harmonious, so I like it. There's some symbols in this painting. The pigeon is above the Father. It means "hope" and "peace", and there is some light around the pigeon. It can make that pigeon stands out.

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Adoration of the Magi, in 1504~1505.

The man in the center is Duerer, he used his appearance to draw this man. The figures mix harmonically with the background. This is the characteristic of Duerer's art, he always use the color with balance. There are some exquisite arches in the piece, and it becomes a space. It also make the figures stand out. The perspective had used in this painting, so it shows Duerer's skills.

My trip of Da Vinci Exhibit

This photo is I standing in front of the show's entrance. I'm going to see how great of Da Vinci's inventions and paintings.

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4/3 Saturday 9:30 I went to Savant, and my father drove my classmates and me to Taipei to see the show of Da Vinci.

In the exhibit, it includes many of Da Vinci inventions' model. There are two real notes, the others are someone fabricate them. I pretty like the flying machine, the model of helicopter is similar than the modern one. It needs to put the tail on it, so it can fly more steadily. I also like the clock, it designed well. The clock worked by the gear wheels. Da Vinci not only invented war machines, new painting skills, but also invented some daily use. He was a characteristic "Renaissance man".

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This photo is our English class' students and teachers, we were all happy to see this exhibit. This trip made me eye-opening.

Leonardo's inventions

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_inventions_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci#War_machines

This website is about Leonardo's inventions. There are war machines, flights, hydraulic, and bridge. Some inventions built by someone, like the bridge. The most invention that make me interested is the flight, because Da Vinci made the wings like the bat. Also, there was a helicopter
which is similar than the modern one.

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This is a helicopter, the propeller is similar than the modern one. This machine needs to starts by four men. If it is more flawless, it can fly in the air. However, this piece just a note.

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This is a cannon, and it is a terrible war machine. It can threw stones like a storm with smoke, and it will cause a great terror. It was built by the British Army, but it didn't work. It coudn't fire successfully. I think if the gunpowder invented at that time, Leonardo's invention will work. This is really amazing that a man can draw the machine which people invented after hundreds of years.

Renaissance harmony and beauty

This painting is "The last judgement" by Michelangelo in 1536-41.

There's a great balance in this painting. You can see the left side is people who go to heaven, and the right side is down to the inferno. This two scene against each other, but it makes this painting more harmonious. Jesus is the center in it, he sits in middle of the top. This great design makes Jesus seems more powerful, and this piece becomes beautiful.

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The Virgin and Chancellor Rolin--was painted in 1435 by Jan Van Eyck.

I find a great beauty in this painting. If I draw a line in middle, there's a window right on it. It shows a symmetrical balance. There's a cool design: The figures are larger in the forground, it makes the figures stand out. It may destroy the harmony, but shows the balance.

Images of Devotion

http://galusaustralis.com/2009/12/confessions-of-a-jew-who-loves-christian-art/

This website is about the feelings of Renaissance Christian paintings. I read the article and view the comments. In post, the author looked at the paintings, he would be instantly Christianized. I learned that Renaissence artists were really good at "capture a moment" in heart. It makes people "learn"the religion from paintings. Every small touch in the picture can touch people's heart. How can they did this, I think maybe Jesus had helped them.

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This painting is "The last judgement" by Giotto, he finished it between 14 century. I choose this painting because I like its small detail. You can see many little people are in inferno or sky, the painter draw it very exquisite. Also, space application is well. I can clearly know: Top is go to heaven, bottom is go to inferno. The color represents different kind of roles.

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This painting is "The last supper" by Leonardo da Vinci, in 1495-1498. I choose this painting because it is Da Vinci's masterpiece. The whole piece's background seems to come to the Jesus, and he sits in middle. It makes Jesus stands out, and the whole light focus on him. It is because the top of painting likes trangle.

Apprenticeship and workshops in the Renaissance

http://www.renaissanceconnection.org/artistslife.html

This is a website about Renaissance apprentice and workshops. I learned about most artists were some low apprentices, and learning in their master's workshop. When they made a masterpiece, so that they became master and open their own workshop. The first work in workshop was humble, it was cleaning or running mission, etc. When the apprentices grew, they'll learned master's skills. In that time, artists' were "serving clients" It was the artist's life in the Renaissance.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verrocchio

This is an website about a famous workshop in the Renaissance. Verrocchio, a Italian sculptor, goldsmith and painter. His students includes many famous master like: Leonardo da Vinci. He trained by Giuliano's father Francesco di Luca Verrocchio. Some paintings were assisted by Leonardo da Vinci and other member of his workshop.

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These artists life weren't same as modern time. Now, People pay to learn art then the teacher will be nice to you. The students are mostly be lazy, so the results is student won't be great then his teacher. However, in the Renaissance was not. The master just make you do some humble works. If you grow, you'll paint some backgrounds in his painting. The students were really work hard, so that they become a master. These examples tells us that you need to work hard, and strive. Finally, you'll succeed!

The Brancacci Chapel

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brancacci_Chapel

This is website about the Brancacci chapel, I took some painting in there. There are many great painting. The Brancacci chapel is in Florence, sometimes can also called Sistine Chapel. It commissioned by Pietro Brancacci in 1386. The chapel influenced of the early Renaissence style. Felice Brancacci who is descendant of Pietro hired Masolino da Panicale to paint his chapel. However, he quited. Masaccio finished the painting of the chapel.

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This painting is St. Peter Healing the Sick with His Shadow, by Masaccio. In this painting, the lead looks like a king. The man lie prone to him. It can see that St. Peter is important, and the man in left side is poor. I choose it because the painter made the lead's color more bright, so St. Peter jumps out. I can even feel dignity of him.

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This painting is The Distribution of Alms and the Death of Ananias by Masaccio. The man I think is Ananias, he lied to God. He laid in ground. I choose this painting because the color makes me focus on the yellow clothes, I reckon he's God or other important person. The normal people dress on brown colthes, but God dress yellow. It shows their status. This is why I choose it.

Renaissance in Florence

http://www.learner.org/interactives/renaissance/florence.html

The website about renaissance in Florence. In the fifteen century and the city had a population of 60,000 and was a self-governed. The Renaissance is first occur in there, and there's many churches, public buildings, and houses. The concept of dome first emerged on tops the Santa Maria del Fiore, the cathedral of Florence. Many Florentine buildings outwardly exemplify Renassiance style. Like the church of Santa Croce.

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This photo's cathedral is Santa church in Florence. I choose it because it's a dome. This may the first churches has this style, and it is so incredible. The church is huge, and the dome was new designed in that century. It can let 30000 people in.

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A famous painter lived in Florence, he is Giotto di Bondone. One of his painting is "Kiss of Judas", it's his important painting. I choose it because the emotion in Judas, his face has feeling inside. Not just lines, and their face and other soldier's face has difference. Jesus seems calm, and the soldier seems angry. Also, the other story like a man cuts ear, the color is bright these are all Giotto's style.

Painting in Siena

http://www.nga.gov/collection/gallery/gg3/gg3-main1.html

This is a great website of Painting in Siena. These painting are early Renaissance, and it influences some church. It becomes dazzling facade of dark and light stone. Duccio, who impact the Painting in Siena. He uses strong color with gold to create some patterns.

This painting is Madonna and Child by Andrea. He use a special way to represent the Virgin, he made Madonna sits on a cushion. It shows the Humility, this is a popular way in that period. This painting can show this particular style.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duccio

This website is about Duccio, he's born in Siena. He impacts the Italian painter for his time. His masterpiece is for Siena's cathedral, and also well known of Stoclet Madonna. The right side's painting is Maestà with Twenty Angels and Nineteen Saints. I like his color, because it is brightly. He made a lot of this paintings, they are incredible. In this painting, Duccio used a skill to make the Maestà comes up. Therefore, the painting is nice.

Giotto

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone

This is a website about Giotto, and it contains many information. I choose a piece of painting from the website, it is Giotto's Last Supper. I choose it because this painting already have emotion inside. Maybe you can see some lines, but the emotion is clearly show on face. The last supper is about Jesus said about a disciple will betray him. Every disciples thought of that person is who. Therefore, they are worried.

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http://www.giottodibondone.org/

This website has many Giotto's painting, I choose one to describe. This piece is scenes from the Meeting at the Golden Gate, and it is a detail of Joachim and Anna kiss. The point I want to show you is that the love is show on their face. The whole painting can't make everyone focus on this. I like the expression in their eyes, the strong emotion seems come from there. Giotto has many paintings, he is great Renaissance painter!

Painting of Renaissence

This piece is "David", by Michelangelo. I choose it because it carved very exquisite, you can see some muscle's line is almost perfect. The body's beauty is all rise. This statue makes me feel a strong dignified, like a man come back from a war's victory. Also, the strong and a pride. Michelangelo shows the man's figure.

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This piece is Creation of Adam, by Michelangelo. I choose it because the drawing is so wonderful. The Adam seems no power, he's waiting Zeus gives it to him. I like this painting that the painter didn't draw Adam and Zeus figure touching. He made everyone to imagine. Also, the soft and beauty's control is really great. This painting is draw on wall, it's extremely amazing.

Codebreakers

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Twinn

This website is about Peter Twinn, the codebreaker. Peter Frank George Twinn is British codebreaker. He was a middle of postgraduate studying Physics, and he saw goverment advertisement. It was looking for mathematicians, but unclear about what else was involved. He went to work, and he has high salary. Peter became the assistant to Alfred Dilwyn Knox who was the head of codebreakers at GC&CS. Twinn was the first mathematicians work on Enigma cipher. The Enigma machine was a very complicated machine, and it had a keyboard. It like a typewritter.

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http://www.codesandciphers.org.uk/enigma/

I find this great website about Enigma machine, and it has many informations. The Enigma machine invented in 1918 by Arthur Scherbius. The idea is number of substitutions one after the other.During 1920, German military increased. Pole felt threatened, they had code breaking. They use Intelligence intercept enemy Radio transmissions with new cipher system which finally know it's coming form Enigma.Polish Intelligence break the Enigma traffic. The goverment try a mathematical approach, and they show mathematical skills can attack the problem to find the key of message.

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The good video of code breaker, it has many info of it.

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Photo 1:The thing beside man is Enigma machine, it like a typewritter.

Photo 2:It's a figure of Enigma machine, the cipher is like the number of substitutions .

Prisoner of War(POW)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POW

I find this website about POW is really great,and it has some cool pictures. Prisoner of war can also says enemy prisoner of war(EPW). Between WWII, the death of POWs were 6 million to 10 million. Germany and Italy treated their prisoner from the British Commonwealth, France, the U.S. The prisoners almost have no food. Fortunately, the Red Cross gives the food packages. German didn't do the same thing to the non- western prisoners. About 1 million prisoners released during the war.

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http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Prisoners_of_war

This website has whole history about POW, so I choose some part to discuss. The prisoner of war are combatants who imprison in the enemy power. The international law defines that it is a person captured while the fighting for millitary. The difference of German treated to soviet red army troops is take prisoners with neglect. The Nazi goverment thought Soviet Red Army is a lower racial order. As a result, there were hundred and thousands of POWs in Soviet died.

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This video is about POW, it's little bit funny as There's all artificial man. However, you'll enjoy it!

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Photo 1: It is Naked Soviet prisoners of war in Mauthausen concentration camp, it's terrible.

Photo 2:It is Red cross package sent to British POW in Germany.

Spies in WWII

http://www.forties.net/wwIIfemalespies.html

I find this good website with pictures and info.During WWII, a young woman work for British intelligence called Virginia Hall. She was a spy, and work for Franch in a agent. When the Nazi starts to catch her, she was escape on foot over the Pyrenees Mountains into Spain. Her foot is wounded. Wall took great intelligence. After the war, she was awarded by America. She's also the only American civilian female get the DSC.

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http://www.womeninwwii.com/army/womenspies.asp

This website is about women in WWII, and I choose a example to describe. Julia Child is the famous spy in the war. During the WWII, women is perfect to do intelligence work. They are easy to slip in enemy's fingertips than man. The spies took "intimate" knowledge of German military by the officers. Often, women will find a work by the enemy. There were women work for both SOE and OSS.

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Photo 1:She is Virginia Hall, and she's a spy work on Nazi.

Photo 2:She is Julia Child ,a famous spy in WWII.

Pearl Harbor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_harbor

This website is Wikipedia, and it is great. I take some photos there. Pearl Harbor is in Hawaii. The attack in Pearl harbor by Japan is on December 7, 1941. It brought America to the WWII. At Sunday December 7, 1941, Japan's aircraft and navy attacked. These attack was not surprise, because America already knew about they're planning to attack. However, they didn't discover the target. Therefore, Japan started to attack.

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http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/wwii-pac/pearlhbr/pearlhbr.htm

It is a great website, and it has a lot of information. The Pearl Harbor attack stroke United state's navy. In late November 1941, the United state saw Japan's diplomatic codes. In 7 December, Japan navy comes. With in short minute, eight battleships at Pearl Harbor were sunk or sinking. 2400 Americans died. Many America air force eliminated by Japan's planes.

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http://video.search.yahoo.com/video/play?p=pearl+harbor&ei=UTF-8&tnr=21&vid=0001389804088&mo=1&intl=us

I can't use the video, so I put the URL. This is a pretty cool video, it shows every things in Pearl Harbor. Like the bomber, all the city is burn etc.

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Photo 1:It is Pearl Harbor, I think it is beautiful.

Photo 2:The bombing in Pearl Harbor, it's dangeous!

Bombing raids

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_raid

This is the in formations of bombing raids, and it is the introduction of bombing. The bombing is a military strategy, and it destroys economic ability more than destroys forces and land. It executed attack from the air. They used strategic bombers, cruise missiles, or nuclear-armed fighter-bomber aircraft to attack the target. It is different of "terror bombing".

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http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/fire_raids_on_japan.htm

This website is about fire raids in Japan, and it is terrible. The fire raids on Japan is during 1945.General Curtis Le May ordered it, and it is difficult to B-29 crews. After attack on Pearl Harbour in December 1941, everyone hate Japan. On November 1st, 1944 B-29 flew over Tokyo. The B-29 can carry 20,000 lb bomb, and they got the victory. This attack is more like terror bombing, because they use many bombs.

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http://video.search.yahoo.com/video/play?p=bombing+raids+in+WW2&n=21&ei=utf-8&js=1&fr=fp-yie8&fr2=tab-web&tnr=20&vid=0001333613509

This is the most cool video I ever seen, and it is about bombing raids on Japan. It has all events of "B-29"bombing the target. However, they bomb in city. It may kill many civilian. You can see how they hit the target, and anti-aircraft guns shooting.

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Photo 1: It is Tokyo after firebombing, the city is gone!

Photo 2:It is the bomber put the bombs out, it will make many deaths.

Photo 3:It is Bristol at WarII 1942 after bombing raids,it's so dangerous to live there.

Iroquois Nation

http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Iroquois

I find this great website, and it has some useful picture. Iroquois is the oldest Native America tribes gathering. First, there are These were the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and Seneca. The Tuscarora join in too. When the battle, they side with British. The Huron village who side with France, they're enemy. There's a schism during the American Revolutionary War. Oneida and Tuscarora supported the Americans. After Ameriaca triumph, a group of Iroquois left . Many of the Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca, and Tuscarora stayed in New York. However, the Iroquois traditions save in these place.

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http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/mohawk/mohawkhist.htm

This website has many info of Mahawk Indian tribe, but it doesn't have any pictures. Mahawk tribe is the most east tribe in Iroquois. They call theirselves Kaniengehaga. In Oneida, the Mohawk just have 3 clans. It is the Bear, the Wolf, and the Turtle. These chiefships are known by specific names. These official titles are like Tekarihoken, Haienhwatha.

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http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/1998/brant.html

This website is about Mohawk famous chief Joseph brant, and it has a drawing for him. Joseph Brant, the most influential chief of Mohawk. His parent lived on the Mohawk River in New York. Brant side with British during the American Revolutionary War. One time, he put in practice the Masonic. When he still young, he is the favorite of Sir William Johnson. He's also Freemason, and he married Brant's sister when his European wife died. Johnson chose Brant and the other Indian to attend Moors Charity School for Indians at Lebanon. Brant learn speak English, and write English. He left school during the French and the Indians war, and he became Johnson's companion.

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Photo 1: It is the Iroquois Indians, and you can see their traditional clothes.
Photo 2:It is the logo of Mohawk tribe, and the tribe name is in it.
Photo 3:It's the drawing of Joseph brant, the famous chief.

Battle of Britain

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Britain

I find this website from wikipedia, it's great as uaual. The battle in britain during summer, fall 1940. The RAF(Royal air force) gains the air superiority. The RAF is United kindom's airforce. It showed more on Fighter Command. It formed in 1936 to reflect the RAF expanded prior to WWII. The first campaign in on air force. It is the largest bombing campaign.The failure makes German reached their plan.

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http://battleofbritain1940.net/bobhsoc/index.html

This is aboout battle of Britain summary. The battle of Britain is the major battles of WWII. It had some reasons. This battle is the first warfare in sky. The second is it turn tide of the WW2. If Britain lost, Nazi will take world war power. After the succeed 'Blitzkrieg' invasions of Poland, Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium and France, Hitler didn't decide to attack Britain at that instant. The British Prime Minister included in his speech at the fall of France: I expect that the Battle of Britain is about to begin. Upon this battle depends the survival of Christian civilization. Upon it depends our own British life, and the long continuity of our institutions and our Empire."

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http://video.search.yahoo.com/video/play?p=battle+of+britain+1940&ei=UTF-8&fr=yfp-t-501-s&fr2=tab-web&tnr=21&vid=000163713827

It is a video about the battle of Britain, it is short. However, it shows RAF. You can see they shoot around and some plane sink into water. I think the piolet is courageous.

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Photo 1:It is Messerschmitt Bf 109E, it isn't big.

Photo 2:The RAF flying in the sky, what a cool picture!

Photo 3:The photo in 1940, people talking next to the plane.